Kompulsa - Ocean | Weather | Climate - Recent changes [en]

Power Outages

Komop — Thu, 09 Sep 2010 00:26:34 GMT

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-	This article is preparing for disaster induced power outages in such a way that discomfort is kept at a minimum.	+	This article is preparing for disaster induced power outages in such a way that discomfort is kept at a minimum. There are situations as well as areas in which power is restored days after a natural disaster such as a hurricane, but, sometimes it is restored months after. I will also mention safety issues which people face during these periods.
		+
		+	==Lighting==
		+
		+	* Sometimes people light candles and then let them drip wax onto a surface and then place the candle into the wax before it melts. Don't do this, the candles are likely to tip over and cause fires or destroy property.
		+
		+	* You probably know this already, keep a cheap flashlight/torch available, and a reliable one that will last long, so not one which is too cheap.
		+
		+	* I would highly recommend a fluorescent or LED lantern because they are very convenient, but please choose a decent lantern which is bright. They are much better for lighting than candles for reading especially. I use a two in one fluorescent lantern/torch combination device. It comes in handy every time there is a power outage here.
		+
		+	* If you have the money, a backup generator and extra natural gas can be quite convenient. You absolutely have to ensure that the exhaust fumes of the generator are completely vented outside.

Fuel Economy

Komop — Wed, 08 Sep 2010 23:47:37 GMT

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	1 US gallon = 3.78541178 litres		1 US gallon = 3.78541178 litres
		+
		+	1 Imperial gallon = 1.20095042 US gallons

	To convert MPG to Gallons Per Mile (GPM), divide 1 by the MPG figure.		To convert MPG to Gallons Per Mile (GPM), divide 1 by the MPG figure.

Nuclear

Komop — Wed, 08 Sep 2010 21:14:10 GMT

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	The fuel for nuclear fission power plants is U-235 (Uranium-235, which is fissionable) which comes from natural uranium oxide which is primarily (99.27%) U-238 (which is not fissionable), 0.72% U-235, and 0.0055% U-234. 0.72% U-235 is not sufficient for light water reactors, so it must be enriched to 2.5% to 3.5% U-235. Canadian heavy water reactors typically use natural uranium. Heavy water (which contains more of the hydrogen isotope deuterium than normal) reactors use heavy water as their moderator, and light water reactors use light water for moderation as well and also as the cooling agent.		The fuel for nuclear fission power plants is U-235 (Uranium-235, which is fissionable) which comes from natural uranium oxide which is primarily (99.27%) U-238 (which is not fissionable), 0.72% U-235, and 0.0055% U-234. 0.72% U-235 is not sufficient for light water reactors, so it must be enriched to 2.5% to 3.5% U-235. Canadian heavy water reactors typically use natural uranium. Heavy water (which contains more of the hydrogen isotope deuterium than normal) reactors use heavy water as their moderator, and light water reactors use light water for moderation as well and also as the cooling agent.
		+
		+	One might wonder why other power plants don't just use natural uranium instead of enriching it. The answer, according to this [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html article] is that heavywater reactors are so costly that there is no economic benefit of using them instead of enriching the uranium.

	[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/HBASE/nucene/fission.html Source]		[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/HBASE/nucene/fission.html Source]
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	===Nuclear Fuel Cycle===		===Nuclear Fuel Cycle===

-	Spent nuclear fuel can be reprocessed, or disposed of directly, with the latter being the most common option.	+	Spent nuclear fuel can be reprocessed, or disposed of directly, with the latter being the most common option. The latter option is called the once=through nuclear fuel cycle.

	* Nuclear power plant waste is much less voluminous than that of fossil fueled power plants (smog and carbon dioxide), but it is much more harmful, even in small quantities. People can be exposed to a larger volume of fossil fuel engine emissions for a longer period of time without being harmed.		* Nuclear power plant waste is much less voluminous than that of fossil fueled power plants (smog and carbon dioxide), but it is much more harmful, even in small quantities. People can be exposed to a larger volume of fossil fuel engine emissions for a longer period of time without being harmed.

Power Outages

Komop — Wed, 08 Sep 2010 20:39:02 GMT

protected "[[Power Outages]]" [edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite) [cascading]

Alternative Vehicles

Komop — Wed, 08 Sep 2010 20:37:38 GMT

Nuclear Powered Automobiles:

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	One application of nuclear turbo-electric propulsion systems is submarines. Nuclear reactors generate significant amounts of heat, which is used to heat a boiler, which produces steam, which passes through a steam turbine at a high pressure. The steam turbine would turn an alternator or dynamo (direct current generator), which would supply electricity to one or more electric motors, which would then turn propellers.		One application of nuclear turbo-electric propulsion systems is submarines. Nuclear reactors generate significant amounts of heat, which is used to heat a boiler, which produces steam, which passes through a steam turbine at a high pressure. The steam turbine would turn an alternator or dynamo (direct current generator), which would supply electricity to one or more electric motors, which would then turn propellers.
		+
		+	==Nuclear Powered Automobiles==
		+
		+	Nuclear powered automobiles are vehicles which use a nuclear reactor to produce heat, and then that heat is used to boil water or another fluid, expanding it into steam, and that steam would be used to move the pistons in a steam engine or turn the blades of a steam turbine.
		+
		+	Electric: The steam turbine could then be used to generate electricity which would charge a bank of batteries or supercapacitors which would supply the necessary electricity to the electric drive motor.
		+
		+	Direct-drive: The steam turbine could be used to turn the wheels directly, like the Ford Nucleon.
		+
		+	One of the main advantages is an extremely long driving range without refueling. Nuclear powered vehicles are not likely to become mainstream due to unresolvable safety issues. Vehicles will crash, and that can result in devastating explosions and radiation emissions. It is difficult to protect a nuclear reactor in a car. Selling nuclear powered cars to the general public would also mean that enriched uranium would be available to anyone, including terrorists. Terrorists can use enriched uranium to make nuclear bombs.

	== Externally Powered Electric Vehicles ==		== Externally Powered Electric Vehicles ==

Power Outages

Komop — Wed, 08 Sep 2010 19:23:08 GMT

New page

This article is preparing for disaster induced power outages in such a way that discomfort is kept at a minimum.

Heating and Cooling

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 14:37:36 GMT

Refrigeration and Freezing:

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	* If you hear any hissing noises, then it is a possibility that the refrigerant is leaking from the coils. Please take care of any leaks immediately, because the contents of the refrigerator will rot, and it will continue to consume electricity because it won't become cold enough to turn itself off. Refrigerators turn themselves off when they become cool to save energy, but when the air inside them warms, they switch on.		* If you hear any hissing noises, then it is a possibility that the refrigerant is leaking from the coils. Please take care of any leaks immediately, because the contents of the refrigerator will rot, and it will continue to consume electricity because it won't become cold enough to turn itself off. Refrigerators turn themselves off when they become cool to save energy, but when the air inside them warms, they switch on.
		+
		+	[http://kompulsa.staatsschutz.org/index.php?title=Vapour_Compression_Cycle How Refrigerators Work]

	[http://www.me.gatech.edu/energy/andy_phd/one.htm#ID1 Georgia Technical University: Absorption Refrigerators]		[http://www.me.gatech.edu/energy/andy_phd/one.htm#ID1 Georgia Technical University: Absorption Refrigerators]

	<analytics uacct="UA-18022282-1" ></analytics>		<analytics uacct="UA-18022282-1" ></analytics>

Vapour Compression Cycle

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 14:36:54 GMT

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-	The vapour compression cycle is a cycle used by conventional ~~refrigeration~~ and air conditioning systems to move heat from one place to another using a refrigerant.	+	The vapour compression cycle is a cycle used by conventional refrigerators and air conditioning systems to move heat from one place to another using a refrigerant.

	Vapour compression refrigeration systems usually consist of at least the following parts:		Vapour compression refrigeration systems usually consist of at least the following parts:
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	Vapour compression air conditioners and refrigerators operate by using a refrigerant to absorb heat and then radiate it outside, this is how they do it:		Vapour compression air conditioners and refrigerators operate by using a refrigerant to absorb heat and then radiate it outside, this is how they do it:

-	Step 1: The compressor continually forces more and more of the refrigerant in gas form into the condenser, and as it does that, the particles of the gas are forced to move closer and closer to each other until it condenses into a liquid. During the compression process, heat is radiated from the refrigerant by the condenser coil and the fins attached to it which make it easier for the air to absorb heat from the refrigerant, also helping to condense the refrigerant because cooler gases condense more easily. The condenser fan accelerates the cooling process by blowing the hot air between the condenser fins away and passing cool air between them, because cooler air is capable of absorbing more heat than hot air. As the particles of the refrigerant gas move closer and closer to each other, that causes the refrigerant to release heat.	+	'''Step 1:''' The compressor continually forces more and more of the refrigerant in gas form into the condenser, and as it does that, the particles of the gas are forced to move closer and closer to each other until it condenses into a liquid. During the compression process, heat is radiated from the refrigerant by the condenser coil and the fins attached to it which make it easier for the air to absorb heat from the refrigerant, also helping to condense the refrigerant because cooler gases condense more easily. The condenser fan accelerates the cooling process by blowing the hot air between the condenser fins away and passing cool air between them, because cooler air is capable of absorbing more heat than hot air. As the particles of the refrigerant gas move closer and closer to each other, that causes the refrigerant to release heat.

-	Step 2: After being condensed in the condenser, the compressor still forces refrigerant into it continuously and that forces it out of the condenser through what is called the expansion valve. The expansion valve is a very tiny tube which leads into the evaporator. As refrigerant enters the evaporator, which is under low pressure (refrigerant evaporates faster in low pressure areas) due to the fact that the suction side of the compressor is attached to the end of it, the refrigerant evaporates in it, and that evaporation process causes the refrigerant to absorb heat. The cold refrigerant gas then absorbs heat from the evaporator coils (because the gas is cold) and it enters the compressor afterwards, still cold, and absorbs heat from the compressor, cooling it and extending its life. The evaporator or blower fan draws air from the room through the cold evaporator fins, cooling it, and then blows it back into the room. Then step 1 is repeated.	+	'''Step 2:''' After being condensed in the condenser, the compressor still forces refrigerant into it continuously and that forces it out of the condenser through what is called the expansion valve. The expansion valve is a very tiny tube which leads into the evaporator. As refrigerant enters the evaporator, which is under low pressure (refrigerant evaporates faster in low pressure areas) due to the fact that the suction side of the compressor is attached to the end of it, the refrigerant evaporates in it, and that evaporation process causes the refrigerant to absorb heat. The cold refrigerant gas then absorbs heat from the evaporator coils (because the gas is cold) and it enters the compressor afterwards, still cold, and absorbs heat from the compressor, cooling it and extending its life. The evaporator or blower fan draws air from the room through the cold evaporator fins, cooling it, and then blows it back into the room. Then step 1 is repeated.

-	~~'''~~Refrigerators~~:'''~~ The explanation above applies to most refrigerators as well, the only difference is that refrigerators are much smaller than rooms and are constructed differently, but the concept is the same.	+	===Refrigerators===
		+
		+	The explanation above applies to most refrigerators as well, the only difference is that refrigerators are much smaller than rooms and are constructed differently, but the concept is the same.

	===Reverse Cycle Air Conditioning===		===Reverse Cycle Air Conditioning===

	The cycle above can be reversed so that heat is pumped from the air outside into the evaporator coil inside, and the evaporator coil is then used in a way similar to a radiator and air is circulated between its fins. When an air conditioner operates in reverse, the evaporator inside does the job of the condenser, and the condenser outside does the job of the evaporator. So in normal mode the evaporator absorbs heat and transfers it to the condenser using refrigerant, and in reverse cycle mode, the exact opposite happens. To learn more about the details of this vapour compression process, visit this page: [http://kompulsa.staatsschutz.org/index.php?title=Vapour_Compression_Cycle Vapour Compression Cycle]		The cycle above can be reversed so that heat is pumped from the air outside into the evaporator coil inside, and the evaporator coil is then used in a way similar to a radiator and air is circulated between its fins. When an air conditioner operates in reverse, the evaporator inside does the job of the condenser, and the condenser outside does the job of the evaporator. So in normal mode the evaporator absorbs heat and transfers it to the condenser using refrigerant, and in reverse cycle mode, the exact opposite happens. To learn more about the details of this vapour compression process, visit this page: [http://kompulsa.staatsschutz.org/index.php?title=Vapour_Compression_Cycle Vapour Compression Cycle]

Heating and Cooling

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 14:35:23 GMT

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	== Cooling ==		== Cooling ==

-	Conventional vapour compression air conditioning effectively cool the areas that they are operated in when used as instructed, but, they have a high cost of ownership, their power consumption is high (between 500 watts and thousands of watts for residential units), and their price tags are also high. Therefore, some people need alternative temperature control methods.	+	Conventional vapour compression air conditioning effectively cool the areas that they are operated in when used as instructed, but, they have a high cost of ownership, their power consumption is high (between 500 watts and thousands of watts for residential units), and their price tags are also high. Therefore, some people need alternative temperature control methods. [http://kompulsa.staatsschutz.org/index.php?title=Vapour_Compression_Cycle Read more about how air conditioners work]

	* In the U.K, it would cost £61.15 per 28 day month to leave a 2600 watt air conditioner running for 12 hours per day, if the cost of electricity was £0.07 per kWh, and you would have used 873.6 kWh of energy.		* In the U.K, it would cost £61.15 per 28 day month to leave a 2600 watt air conditioner running for 12 hours per day, if the cost of electricity was £0.07 per kWh, and you would have used 873.6 kWh of energy.

Vapour Compression Cycle

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 14:34:25 GMT

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	Step 2: After being condensed in the condenser, the compressor still forces refrigerant into it continuously and that forces it out of the condenser through what is called the expansion valve. The expansion valve is a very tiny tube which leads into the evaporator. As refrigerant enters the evaporator, which is under low pressure (refrigerant evaporates faster in low pressure areas) due to the fact that the suction side of the compressor is attached to the end of it, the refrigerant evaporates in it, and that evaporation process causes the refrigerant to absorb heat. The cold refrigerant gas then absorbs heat from the evaporator coils (because the gas is cold) and it enters the compressor afterwards, still cold, and absorbs heat from the compressor, cooling it and extending its life. The evaporator or blower fan draws air from the room through the cold evaporator fins, cooling it, and then blows it back into the room. Then step 1 is repeated.		Step 2: After being condensed in the condenser, the compressor still forces refrigerant into it continuously and that forces it out of the condenser through what is called the expansion valve. The expansion valve is a very tiny tube which leads into the evaporator. As refrigerant enters the evaporator, which is under low pressure (refrigerant evaporates faster in low pressure areas) due to the fact that the suction side of the compressor is attached to the end of it, the refrigerant evaporates in it, and that evaporation process causes the refrigerant to absorb heat. The cold refrigerant gas then absorbs heat from the evaporator coils (because the gas is cold) and it enters the compressor afterwards, still cold, and absorbs heat from the compressor, cooling it and extending its life. The evaporator or blower fan draws air from the room through the cold evaporator fins, cooling it, and then blows it back into the room. Then step 1 is repeated.
		+
		+	'''Refrigerators:''' The explanation above applies to most refrigerators as well, the only difference is that refrigerators are much smaller than rooms and are constructed differently, but the concept is the same.

	===Reverse Cycle Air Conditioning===		===Reverse Cycle Air Conditioning===

	The cycle above can be reversed so that heat is pumped from the air outside into the evaporator coil inside, and the evaporator coil is then used in a way similar to a radiator and air is circulated between its fins. When an air conditioner operates in reverse, the evaporator inside does the job of the condenser, and the condenser outside does the job of the evaporator. So in normal mode the evaporator absorbs heat and transfers it to the condenser using refrigerant, and in reverse cycle mode, the exact opposite happens. To learn more about the details of this vapour compression process, visit this page: [http://kompulsa.staatsschutz.org/index.php?title=Vapour_Compression_Cycle Vapour Compression Cycle]		The cycle above can be reversed so that heat is pumped from the air outside into the evaporator coil inside, and the evaporator coil is then used in a way similar to a radiator and air is circulated between its fins. When an air conditioner operates in reverse, the evaporator inside does the job of the condenser, and the condenser outside does the job of the evaporator. So in normal mode the evaporator absorbs heat and transfers it to the condenser using refrigerant, and in reverse cycle mode, the exact opposite happens. To learn more about the details of this vapour compression process, visit this page: [http://kompulsa.staatsschutz.org/index.php?title=Vapour_Compression_Cycle Vapour Compression Cycle]

Heating and Cooling

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 14:30:33 GMT

Heating Methods:

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	This is when heating elements or coils with a fluid in them (such as water) are used to radiate heat upwards from the floor, evenly heating a room without fans.		This is when heating elements or coils with a fluid in them (such as water) are used to radiate heat upwards from the floor, evenly heating a room without fans.
-
-	~~====Radiators====~~

	====Reverse Cycle Air Conditioning====		====Reverse Cycle Air Conditioning====

-	Traditional air conditioners are devices called heat pumps. They transfer heat from the evaporator coil (which is inside the air handler unit in the building) to the condenser coil (which is outside of the building). The compressor also generates its own heat, and that heat is also transferred to the condenser. This cycle (called the vapour compression cycle) can be reversed so that heat is pumped from the air outside into the evaporator coil inside, and the evaporator coil is then used in a way similar to a radiator and air is circulated between its fins. When an air conditioner operates in reverse, the evaporator inside does the job of the condenser, and the condenser outside does the job of the evaporator. So in normal mode the evaporator absorbs heat and transfers it to the condenser using refrigerant, and in reverse cycle mode, the exact opposite happens. To learn more about the details of this vapour compression process, visit this page: [http://kompulsa.staatsschutz.org/index.php?title=Vapour_Compression_Cycle ~~Komplsa:~~ Vapour Compression Cycle]	+	Traditional air conditioners are devices called heat pumps. They transfer heat from the evaporator coil (which is inside the air handler unit in the building) to the condenser coil (which is outside of the building). The compressor also generates its own heat, and that heat is also transferred to the condenser. This cycle (called the vapour compression cycle) can be reversed so that heat is pumped from the air outside into the evaporator coil inside, and the evaporator coil is then used in a way similar to a radiator and air is circulated between its fins. When an air conditioner operates in reverse, the evaporator inside does the job of the condenser, and the condenser outside does the job of the evaporator. So in normal mode the evaporator absorbs heat and transfers it to the condenser using refrigerant, and in reverse cycle mode, the exact opposite happens. To learn more about the details of this vapour compression process, visit this page: [http://kompulsa.staatsschutz.org/index.php?title=Vapour_Compression_Cycle Vapour Compression Cycle]
-		+
-	~~====Geo-Exchange Heat Pumps====~~	+
-		+
-	~~Geo-exchange heat pumps~~	+
-		+
-	~~====Heater Fans====~~	+

-	====~~Gas Powered Heaters~~====	+	====Geo-Exchange Heat Pumps (Geothermal Reverse Cycle Air Conditioner)====

-	=~~===Coal Powered Heaters====~~	+	Geo-exchange heat pump setups involve using reverse cycle air conditioners to remove heat from the earth and transfer it to the air handler inside in addition to the heat generated by the compressor. Geo-exchange heat pumps to transfer 3-5 units of heat for every unit of electricity consumed. To learn more about the details of this process, visit this page: [http://kompulsa.staatsschutz.org/index.php?title=Vapour_Compression_Cycle Vapour Compression Cycle]

	== Clothes Drying ==		== Clothes Drying ==

Vapour Compression Cycle

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 14:16:46 GMT

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	Step 2: After being condensed in the condenser, the compressor still forces refrigerant into it continuously and that forces it out of the condenser through what is called the expansion valve. The expansion valve is a very tiny tube which leads into the evaporator. As refrigerant enters the evaporator, which is under low pressure (refrigerant evaporates faster in low pressure areas) due to the fact that the suction side of the compressor is attached to the end of it, the refrigerant evaporates in it, and that evaporation process causes the refrigerant to absorb heat. The cold refrigerant gas then absorbs heat from the evaporator coils (because the gas is cold) and it enters the compressor afterwards, still cold, and absorbs heat from the compressor, cooling it and extending its life. The evaporator or blower fan draws air from the room through the cold evaporator fins, cooling it, and then blows it back into the room. Then step 1 is repeated.		Step 2: After being condensed in the condenser, the compressor still forces refrigerant into it continuously and that forces it out of the condenser through what is called the expansion valve. The expansion valve is a very tiny tube which leads into the evaporator. As refrigerant enters the evaporator, which is under low pressure (refrigerant evaporates faster in low pressure areas) due to the fact that the suction side of the compressor is attached to the end of it, the refrigerant evaporates in it, and that evaporation process causes the refrigerant to absorb heat. The cold refrigerant gas then absorbs heat from the evaporator coils (because the gas is cold) and it enters the compressor afterwards, still cold, and absorbs heat from the compressor, cooling it and extending its life. The evaporator or blower fan draws air from the room through the cold evaporator fins, cooling it, and then blows it back into the room. Then step 1 is repeated.
		+
		+	===Reverse Cycle Air Conditioning===
		+
		+	The cycle above can be reversed so that heat is pumped from the air outside into the evaporator coil inside, and the evaporator coil is then used in a way similar to a radiator and air is circulated between its fins. When an air conditioner operates in reverse, the evaporator inside does the job of the condenser, and the condenser outside does the job of the evaporator. So in normal mode the evaporator absorbs heat and transfers it to the condenser using refrigerant, and in reverse cycle mode, the exact opposite happens. To learn more about the details of this vapour compression process, visit this page: [http://kompulsa.staatsschutz.org/index.php?title=Vapour_Compression_Cycle Vapour Compression Cycle]

Geothermal Energy

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 14:15:35 GMT

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	Geo-exchange heat pumps use heat pumps such as reverse cycle air conditioners to literally remove heat from the earth and transfer it to the coils inside using refrigerant.		Geo-exchange heat pumps use heat pumps such as reverse cycle air conditioners to literally remove heat from the earth and transfer it to the coils inside using refrigerant.
		+
		+	[http://kompulsa.staatsschutz.org/index.php?title=Vapour_Compression_Cycle How Air Conditioners and Refrigerators Work]

	==Geothermal Power Plant==		==Geothermal Power Plant==

Heating and Cooling

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 14:10:30 GMT

Heating Methods:

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	====Reverse Cycle Air Conditioning====		====Reverse Cycle Air Conditioning====

-	Traditional air conditioners are devices called heat pumps. They transfer heat from the evaporator coil (which is inside the air handler unit in the building) to the condenser coil (which is outside of the building). The compressor also generates its own heat, and that heat is also transferred to the condenser. This cycle (called the vapour compression cycle) can be reversed so that heat is pumped from the air outside into the evaporator coil inside, and the evaporator coil is then used in a way similar to a radiator and air is circulated between its fins. When an air conditioner operates in reverse, the evaporator inside does the job of the condenser, and the condenser outside does the job of the evaporator. So in normal mode the evaporator absorbs heat and transfers it to the condenser using refrigerant, and in reverse cycle mode, the exact opposite happens.	+	Traditional air conditioners are devices called heat pumps. They transfer heat from the evaporator coil (which is inside the air handler unit in the building) to the condenser coil (which is outside of the building). The compressor also generates its own heat, and that heat is also transferred to the condenser. This cycle (called the vapour compression cycle) can be reversed so that heat is pumped from the air outside into the evaporator coil inside, and the evaporator coil is then used in a way similar to a radiator and air is circulated between its fins. When an air conditioner operates in reverse, the evaporator inside does the job of the condenser, and the condenser outside does the job of the evaporator. So in normal mode the evaporator absorbs heat and transfers it to the condenser using refrigerant, and in reverse cycle mode, the exact opposite happens. To learn more about the details of this vapour compression process, visit this page: [http://kompulsa.staatsschutz.org/index.php?title=Vapour_Compression_Cycle Komplsa: Vapour Compression Cycle]

	====Geo-Exchange Heat Pumps====		====Geo-Exchange Heat Pumps====

Vapour Compression Cycle

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 14:08:29 GMT

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	Vapour compression air conditioners and refrigerators operate by using a refrigerant to absorb heat and then radiate it outside, this is how they do it:		Vapour compression air conditioners and refrigerators operate by using a refrigerant to absorb heat and then radiate it outside, this is how they do it:

-	Step 1: The compressor continually forces more and more of the refrigerant in gas form into the condenser, and as it does that, the particles of the gas are forced to move closer and closer to each other until it condenses into a liquid. During the compression process, heat is radiated from the refrigerant by the condenser coil and the fins attached to it which make it easier for the air to absorb heat from the refrigerant, also helping to condense the refrigerant because cooler gases condense more easily. As the particles of the refrigerant gas move closer and closer to each other, that causes the refrigerant to release heat.	+	Step 1: The compressor continually forces more and more of the refrigerant in gas form into the condenser, and as it does that, the particles of the gas are forced to move closer and closer to each other until it condenses into a liquid. During the compression process, heat is radiated from the refrigerant by the condenser coil and the fins attached to it which make it easier for the air to absorb heat from the refrigerant, also helping to condense the refrigerant because cooler gases condense more easily. The condenser fan accelerates the cooling process by blowing the hot air between the condenser fins away and passing cool air between them, because cooler air is capable of absorbing more heat than hot air. As the particles of the refrigerant gas move closer and closer to each other, that causes the refrigerant to release heat.

-	Step 2: After being condensed in the condenser, the compressor still forces refrigerant into it continuously and that forces it out of the condenser through what is called the expansion valve. The expansion valve is a very tiny tube which leads into the evaporator. As refrigerant enters the evaporator, which is under low pressure (refrigerant evaporates faster in low pressure areas) due to the fact that the suction side of the compressor is attached to the end of it, the refrigerant evaporates in it, and that evaporation process causes the refrigerant to absorb heat. The cold refrigerant gas then absorbs heat from the evaporator coils (because the gas is cold) and it enters the compressor afterwards, still cold, and absorbs heat from the compressor, cooling it and extending its life. Then step 1 is repeated.	+	Step 2: After being condensed in the condenser, the compressor still forces refrigerant into it continuously and that forces it out of the condenser through what is called the expansion valve. The expansion valve is a very tiny tube which leads into the evaporator. As refrigerant enters the evaporator, which is under low pressure (refrigerant evaporates faster in low pressure areas) due to the fact that the suction side of the compressor is attached to the end of it, the refrigerant evaporates in it, and that evaporation process causes the refrigerant to absorb heat. The cold refrigerant gas then absorbs heat from the evaporator coils (because the gas is cold) and it enters the compressor afterwards, still cold, and absorbs heat from the compressor, cooling it and extending its life. The evaporator or blower fan draws air from the room through the cold evaporator fins, cooling it, and then blows it back into the room. Then step 1 is repeated.

Heating and Cooling

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 14:05:21 GMT

Heating Methods:

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:05, 7 September 2010
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	====Geo-Exchange Heat Pumps====		====Geo-Exchange Heat Pumps====
		+
		+	Geo-exchange heat pumps

	====Heater Fans====		====Heater Fans====

Vapour Compression Cycle

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 14:02:24 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:02, 7 September 2010
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	'''Compressor:''' This is usually a black cylindrical device (in the case of building air conditioners) which both forces refrigerant into the condenser and draws it out of the evaporator.		'''Compressor:''' This is usually a black cylindrical device (in the case of building air conditioners) which both forces refrigerant into the condenser and draws it out of the evaporator.

-	'''~~Receiver/Drier~~:'''	+	'''Copper or aluminium tubing:''' This is used to join the condenser, evaporator, and compressor.
		+
		+	Vapour compression air conditioners and refrigerators operate by using a refrigerant to absorb heat and then radiate it outside, this is how they do it:
		+
		+	Step 1: The compressor continually forces more and more of the refrigerant in gas form into the condenser, and as it does that, the particles of the gas are forced to move closer and closer to each other until it condenses into a liquid. During the compression process, heat is radiated from the refrigerant by the condenser coil and the fins attached to it which make it easier for the air to absorb heat from the refrigerant, also helping to condense the refrigerant because cooler gases condense more easily. As the particles of the refrigerant gas move closer and closer to each other, that causes the refrigerant to release heat.
		+
		+	Step 2: After being condensed in the condenser, the compressor still forces refrigerant into it continuously and that forces it out of the condenser through what is called the expansion valve. The expansion valve is a very tiny tube which leads into the evaporator. As refrigerant enters the evaporator, which is under low pressure (refrigerant evaporates faster in low pressure areas) due to the fact that the suction side of the compressor is attached to the end of it, the refrigerant evaporates in it, and that evaporation process causes the refrigerant to absorb heat. The cold refrigerant gas then absorbs heat from the evaporator coils (because the gas is cold) and it enters the compressor afterwards, still cold, and absorbs heat from the compressor, cooling it and extending its life. Then step 1 is repeated.

Heating and Cooling

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 13:32:49 GMT

Heating Methods:

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	===Heating Methods===		===Heating Methods===

-	* Radiative Floor Heating.	+	==== Radiant Floor Heating====

-	* Radiators.	+	This is when heating elements or coils with a fluid in them (such as water) are used to radiate heat upwards from the floor, evenly heating a room without fans.

-	* Reverse Cycle Air Conditioning.	+	====Radiators====

-	* Heater Fans.	+	====Reverse Cycle Air Conditioning====

-	* Gas Powered Heaters.	+	Traditional air conditioners are devices called heat pumps. They transfer heat from the evaporator coil (which is inside the air handler unit in the building) to the condenser coil (which is outside of the building). The compressor also generates its own heat, and that heat is also transferred to the condenser. This cycle (called the vapour compression cycle) can be reversed so that heat is pumped from the air outside into the evaporator coil inside, and the evaporator coil is then used in a way similar to a radiator and air is circulated between its fins. When an air conditioner operates in reverse, the evaporator inside does the job of the condenser, and the condenser outside does the job of the evaporator. So in normal mode the evaporator absorbs heat and transfers it to the condenser using refrigerant, and in reverse cycle mode, the exact opposite happens.

-	* Coal Powered Heaters	+	====Geo-Exchange Heat Pumps====
		+
		+	====Heater Fans====
		+
		+	====Gas Powered Heaters====
		+
		+	====Coal Powered Heaters====

	== Clothes Drying ==		== Clothes Drying ==

Geothermal Energy

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 13:22:37 GMT

Geothermal Space and Water Heating/Cooling:

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:22, 7 September 2010
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	==Geothermal Space and Water Heating/Cooling==		==Geothermal Space and Water Heating/Cooling==

-	~~'''~~Geothermal Heat Pumps~~'''~~	+	===Geothermal Heat Pumps===

	Heat from within the earth is sometimes used by homeowners to heat some of the rooms in their homes or to heat water. Throughout the year, a few feet below the surface of the earth, the temperature is stable and is usually between 45°-58° F. Pipes are buried underground and water is circulated through them, and since heat moves to cooler places, during the winter, the heat is transferred to the cold water from above the surface and it then heats radiators inside the house, and during the summer, the warm water from above the surface which was circulated through the same radiators is cooled by the 45-58° F temperature earth and that cool water is circulated through the radiators again, cooling them, and then heat is transferred from the air to them, and then to the liquid which has to be cooled geothermally again. The radiators that I am referring to are heat exchangers which resemble car radiators because they are metal (aluminium or copper) coils with aluminium fins attached to them. They make it possible to efficiently transfer heat between the air and liquids. They are called liquid to air heat exchangers and fans are used to pass air between their fins. Geothermal heat pumps can be used to preheat water to reduce the duration of time that your electric or gas water heater operates, saving electricity.		Heat from within the earth is sometimes used by homeowners to heat some of the rooms in their homes or to heat water. Throughout the year, a few feet below the surface of the earth, the temperature is stable and is usually between 45°-58° F. Pipes are buried underground and water is circulated through them, and since heat moves to cooler places, during the winter, the heat is transferred to the cold water from above the surface and it then heats radiators inside the house, and during the summer, the warm water from above the surface which was circulated through the same radiators is cooled by the 45-58° F temperature earth and that cool water is circulated through the radiators again, cooling them, and then heat is transferred from the air to them, and then to the liquid which has to be cooled geothermally again. The radiators that I am referring to are heat exchangers which resemble car radiators because they are metal (aluminium or copper) coils with aluminium fins attached to them. They make it possible to efficiently transfer heat between the air and liquids. They are called liquid to air heat exchangers and fans are used to pass air between their fins. Geothermal heat pumps can be used to preheat water to reduce the duration of time that your electric or gas water heater operates, saving electricity.
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	* Extensive digging is required.		* Extensive digging is required.
		+
		+	===Geo-exchange Heat Pumps===
		+
		+	Geo-exchange heat pumps use heat pumps such as reverse cycle air conditioners to literally remove heat from the earth and transfer it to the coils inside using refrigerant.

	==Geothermal Power Plant==		==Geothermal Power Plant==

Heating and Cooling

Komop — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 13:02:41 GMT

Heating Methods:

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:02, 7 September 2010
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	[http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/windchill/index.shtml NOAA: Wind Chill]		[http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/windchill/index.shtml NOAA: Wind Chill]
		+
		+	===Heating Methods===
		+
		+	* Radiative Floor Heating.
		+
		+	* Radiators.
		+
		+	* Reverse Cycle Air Conditioning.
		+
		+	* Heater Fans.
		+
		+	* Gas Powered Heaters.
		+
		+	* Coal Powered Heaters

	== Clothes Drying ==		== Clothes Drying ==

Climatic Information

Komop — Mon, 06 Sep 2010 22:39:33 GMT

Britain:

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	===Britain===		===Britain===

-	In Britain, the climate is temperate and cloudy, so this means that the weather is usually cloudy, and winters are not particularly cold. Therefore, heating costs are not too high, and cooling costs are very low because summers are not hot. The average cost of electricity is low in the United Kingdom, at ₤0.07 pounds/kWh, so this also helps British residents to save money if they are using electric heaters, and air conditioners are normally electric. According to the CIA world factbook, more than half of the days are cloudy. Average annual rainfall exceeds 1120 mm, which is considerably higher(260mm higher) than the world average of 860mm.	+	In Britain, the climate is temperate and cloudy, so this means that the weather is usually cloudy, and winters are not particularly cold. Therefore, heating costs are not too high, and cooling costs are very low because summers are not hot. The average cost of electricity is low in the United Kingdom, at ₤0.07 pounds/kWh, so this also helps British residents to save money if they are using electric heaters, and air conditioners are normally electric. According to the CIA world factbook, more than half of the days are cloudy.
		+
		+	Rainfall: Average annual rainfall exceeds 1120 mm, which is considerably higher(260mm higher) than the world average of 860mm. There is an average of 154.4 days of rainfall (greater than 1 mm) per year.
		+
		+	Hours of Sunshine Per Year: 1354.9.
		+
		+	Sources:

	[http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html Met Office: Climate Averages for UK]		[http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html Met Office: Climate Averages for UK]
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	===Norway===		===Norway===

-	In Norway, the climate along the coast is temperate, but the climate further inland is colder and more rainy. Summers are colder, and the west coast is usually cool and it rains year round. This means that the amount of energy ~~require~~ for space heating in coastal Norwegian regions is less than that of regions further inland.	+	In Norway, the climate along the coast is temperate, but the climate further inland is colder and more rainy. Summers are colder, and the west coast is usually cool and it rains year round. This means that the amount of energy required for space heating in coastal Norwegian regions is less than that of regions further inland.

	----		----
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	===Sweden===		===Sweden===

-	In Sweden, the southern climate is temperate and has cold cloudy winters, as well as cool, but partly cloudy summers. The northern climate is subarctic, meaning that winters are very cold and temperature variations are very extreme. This means that it is more ~~costly~~ to heat homes in the northern region than in the southern ones.	+	In Sweden, the southern climate is temperate and has cold cloudy winters, as well as cool, but partly cloudy summers. The northern climate is subarctic, meaning that winters are very cold and temperature variations are very extreme. This means that it is more energy intensive to heat homes in the northern region than in the southern ones.

	----		----

MediaWiki:Sidebar

Komop — Mon, 06 Sep 2010 03:42:34 GMT

Petroleum

Komop — Mon, 06 Sep 2010 03:27:02 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:27, 6 September 2010
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	Petroleum combustion results in the emission of the following toxic substances which I am sure about (there are more that you can research on your own):		Petroleum combustion results in the emission of the following toxic substances which I am sure about (there are more that you can research on your own):

		+	* [http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basics DOE: Petroleum Basics]
	* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carbonmonoxidepoisoning.html Carbon Monoxide (CO)]		* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carbonmonoxidepoisoning.html Carbon Monoxide (CO)]
	* [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts116.html Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)]		* [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts116.html Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)]

Emissions

Komop — Sun, 05 Sep 2010 02:37:40 GMT

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	This article pertains specifically to emissions which are causing environmental problems, such as excessive amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as carbon monoxide (CO), tropospheric ozone, and you will learn more below.		This article pertains specifically to emissions which are causing environmental problems, such as excessive amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as carbon monoxide (CO), tropospheric ozone, and you will learn more below.
		+
		+	==Automobile Emissions==
		+
		+	===Gasoline===
		+
		+	====Tailpipe Emissions====
		+
		+	Tailpipe emissions are the most well known emissions. During operation, gasoline powered internal combustion engines emit carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), lead (Pb), hydrocarbons (unburnt/partially burnt gasoline) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
		+
		+	====Refueling Losses====
		+
		+	====Evaporative Emissions====

Petroleum

Komop — Sat, 04 Sep 2010 22:05:48 GMT

Toxicity:

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	Excluding any future oil reserve discoveries, and oil spills, and also assuming that the rate of oil consumption does not increase. This amount of oil would last 40.77 years starting from 2008.		Excluding any future oil reserve discoveries, and oil spills, and also assuming that the rate of oil consumption does not increase. This amount of oil would last 40.77 years starting from 2008.
		+
		+	'''Top Oil Producing Countries:'''
		+
		+	* Russia
		+	* Saudi Arabia
		+	* United States
		+	* Iran
		+	* China

	==Economic Characteristics of Petroleum==		==Economic Characteristics of Petroleum==
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	Global warming is caused by excessive greenhouse gas production, the greenhouse gas produced in excess is carbon dioxide (CO2). A greenhouse gas is a thermal insulator which inhibits the transmission of infrared radiation (heat), it allows some solar radiation to pass through, and some of that radiation is reflected off the surface of the earth and into space. Some of that reflected radiation is bounced back by carbon dioxide, and since it is a thermal insulator, that causes heat to accumulate on in the atmosphere, this is a process called global warming.		Global warming is caused by excessive greenhouse gas production, the greenhouse gas produced in excess is carbon dioxide (CO2). A greenhouse gas is a thermal insulator which inhibits the transmission of infrared radiation (heat), it allows some solar radiation to pass through, and some of that radiation is reflected off the surface of the earth and into space. Some of that reflected radiation is bounced back by carbon dioxide, and since it is a thermal insulator, that causes heat to accumulate on in the atmosphere, this is a process called global warming.
		+
		+	Effects of global warming:

	* It is causing glaciers (a glacier is a large and slow moving mass of ice) and ice caps to melt.		* It is causing glaciers (a glacier is a large and slow moving mass of ice) and ice caps to melt.
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	* [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OzoneWeBreathe/ozone_we_breathe.php Tropospheric Ozone (O3)]		* [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OzoneWeBreathe/ozone_we_breathe.php Tropospheric Ozone (O3)]
	* [http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/lead/index.html Lead (Pb)]		* [http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/lead/index.html Lead (Pb)]
-	* [http://www.epa.gov/hg/eco.htm Mercury {Hg}]
	* Peroxyacl Nitrates		* Peroxyacl Nitrates
	* Volatile Organic Compounds		* Volatile Organic Compounds

	<analytics uacct="UA-18022282-1" ></analytics>		<analytics uacct="UA-18022282-1" ></analytics>

Emissions

Komop — Sat, 04 Sep 2010 14:59:27 GMT

New page

Emissions may be defined as any substance released by a machine, and they may or may not pose a threat to human health or the environment.

This article pertains specifically to emissions which are causing environmental problems, such as excessive amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as carbon monoxide (CO), tropospheric ozone, and you will learn more below.